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192 of 192 results
Review Article
April 15, 2025
Revisiting 2,000 Years of Climate Change (Bad Science and the “Hockey Stick”)
Research Article
November 22, 2023
A Comprehensive Methodology for Assessing the Business Reputation of Industrial and Production Personnel
Research Article
April 01, 2025
Risk of Nutritional Deficiencies and Changes in Dietary Patterns after Bariatric Surgery
Research Article
August 26, 2024
Trend of SO2 Gas Dry Deposition in Vietnam
Short Communication
April 05, 2024
Massive Solar PV Potential in Sri Lanka
Research Article
December 27, 2023
Methodology of the Professional-Business Game for the Development of a Cadet Leader in Professional Training Courses (L-1B) of the Tactical Level of Military Education
Review Article
November 16, 2023
Reliability Evaluation of Professional Assessments
Research Article
January 06, 2025
Utilising Phytoremediation in Green Technologies: Exploring Natural Means of Environmental Clean-up
Research Article
April 16, 2025
Risks and Effects of Medicinal Plants as an Adjuvant Treatment in Mental Disorders during Pregnancy
Mini Review
July 11, 2024
Estimate of Temperature Rise in the 21st Century for Various Scenarios
Review Article
March 03, 2025
Comparative Analysis of Lattice Pylons and Polygonal Monopods in the SNEL SA Electricity Network
Research Article
April 16, 2024
Analysis of the State of Moisture Control to Ensure and Regulate the Quality of Grain and Grain Products
Short Communication
June 26, 2024
The Reference Book of the Neology of the Spanish Language
Research Article
October 30, 2024
Prevalence of Non-specific Low Back Pain Among Chinese Healthcare Workers (Surgeons and Surgical Nurses): A Multi-Center Survey Study
Research Article
May 26, 2025
Assessment of Thermal Uniformity of Heating Plates Using a Thermal Imaging Camera
Research Article
April 24, 2025
Sensor-based Sorting using De-XRT Sensor Applied to a Greenfield Copper Ore Project in Southern Brazil
Research Article
February 15, 2024
From Traditionalism to Algorithms: Embracing Artificial Intelligence for Effective University Teaching and Learning
Research Article
April 17, 2024
Contribution to the Knowledge of Ground Beetles (Coleoptera: Carabidae) from Pakistan
Review Article
December 05, 2024
AI-Driven Smart Auditory Health Systems: Bridging Audiology and Public Health in Low- and Middle-Income Countries
Review Article
March 26, 2024
Breast Cancer: The Road to a Personalized Prevention
![Benzo[4’,5’]imidazo[2’,1’:6,1]pyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidines: Past and Present](https://www.igminresearch.cn/articles/figures/igmin113/igmin113.g001.png)
Research Article
November 16, 2023
Benzo[4’,5’]imidazo[2’,1’:6,1]pyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidines: Past and Present
Research Article
April 15, 2025
A New Modification of Classification of Traumatic Patients with Pelvic Fracture
Research Article
April 24, 2025
Investigation and Energy Modeling of New Generation Environmentally Friendly Energy Source Thorium Fueled Molten Salt Reactors
Literature Review
December 22, 2023
Educational Innovation amidst Globalization: Higher Education Institutions and Societal Integration
Mini Review
April 02, 2024
Threat to Human and Animal Health Caused by Mycotoxins and Masked Mycotoxins Occurring in Food and Feed
Mini Review
January 09, 2024
Revolutionizing Duplicate Question Detection: A Deep Learning Approach for Stack Overflow
Research Article
January 20, 2025
Synergistic Assessment of Supplementation of Ascorbic Acid and Massularia acuminata Extracts on Serum Electrolyte and Lipid Profile Indices of Dyslipidemia in Adult Wistar Rats Exposed to Aluminum Chloride Toxicity
Research Article
April 22, 2024
Investigation of Lateral Vibrations in Turbine-generator Unit 5 of the Inga 2 Hydroelectric Power Plant
Review Article
May 02, 2024
Wishful Thinking about Consciousness
Editorial
January 18, 2024
The Contribution of Medical Periodicals to the Development of Pediatric Science in Modern Conditions
Research Article
January 08, 2025
Abrasive Wear in Some High Fe-Cr-C Alloy in Cement Powder
Review Article
July 29, 2024
Mars Ascent Propellants and Life Support Resources - Take it or Make it?
Short Communication
October 28, 2024
Quality Culture - Lessons Learned from the Low- and Medium Income World
Research Article
December 14, 2023
Influence of Polycarboxylate Superplasticizer on the Calorimetric and Physicomechanical Properties of Mortar
Research Article
January 30, 2025
Ammonia: A Trend of Dry Deposition in Vietnam
Research Article
January 17, 2025
Zinc Supplementation in Anorexic Children with Vomiting Syndrome: Evaluation from a Randomized Controlled Trial in Vietnam
Research Article
July 17, 2024
The Influence of Low Pesticide Doses on Fusarium Molds
Short Communication
June 24, 2024
The Impact of Teledentistry on Modern Dental Practice
Review Article
December 04, 2023
A Survey of Motion Data Processing and Classification Techniques Based on Wearable Sensors
Research Article
October 16, 2024
Screening for Sexually Transmitted Infections in Adolescents with Genitourinary Complaints: Is There a Still Role for Endocervical Gram Stains?
Research Article
December 13, 2023
Kinetic Study of the Removal of Reafix Yellow B8G Dye by Boiler Ash
Research Article
October 28, 2024
Communication Training at Medical School: A Quantitative Analysis
Research Article
June 11, 2024
The Examination of Game Skills of Children Aged 5-6 Years Participating in Movement Education
Research Article
November 22, 2023
Solar Energy Resource Potentials of the City of Arkadag
Review Article
July 04, 2024
Exploring Markov Decision Processes: A Comprehensive Survey of Optimization Applications and Techniques
Research Article
March 25, 2024
Balancing Act: Exploring the Interplay Between Human Judgment and Artificial Intelligence in Problem-solving, Creativity, and Decision-making
Short Communication
November 13, 2024
About the Problem of Climate Warming
Research Article
June 13, 2024
Enhancing Material Property Predictions through Optimized KNN Imputation and Deep Neural Network Modeling
Research Article
May 01, 2024
Challenge and Readiness to Implemented Geothermal Energy in Indonesia
Research Article
May 21, 2024
Integrated Multi-fidelity Structural Optimization for UAV Wings
Review Article
June 14, 2024
Smart Mobility and Sensor Based-BRT Crusade, the Challenge for Auto Mechanics and Technicians in Africa
Short Communication
June 11, 2024
Unlawful Homicide of Two Ugly and Disabled Victims in a Japanese Tale Based on a True Story
Review Article
May 09, 2024
Roadmap for Greening the Economy of Turkmenistan
Research Article
August 07, 2024
Study of the Histological Features of the Stroma of High-Grade Gliomas Depending on the Status of the Mutation in the IDH1 Gene
Mini Review
August 06, 2024
Mastocytosis: Principles and Pitfalls in the Diagnosis of a Unique Disease
Review Article
February 25, 2025
General Solutions for MHD Motions of Viscous Fluids with Viscosity Linearly Dependent on Pressure in a Planar Channel
Mini Review
January 30, 2024
The Model for Clinical, Laboratory, and Genetic Prediction of Recurrent Ischemic Stroke against the Background of Laboratory Aspirin Resistance using Machine Learning
Case Report
July 22, 2024
Levetiracetam-induced Rhabdomyolysis - A Rare Complication
Review Article
May 15, 2025
IoT-based Real-time Temperature Monitoring in Critical Systems: A Review
Research Article
February 08, 2024
Efficacy of Different Concentrations of Insect Growth Regulators (IGRs) on Maize Stem Borer Infestation
Review Article
July 17, 2024
Relationship between Sustainable Development, Economy and Poverty
Research Article
January 23, 2024
Enhancing Missing Values Imputation through Transformer-Based Predictive Modeling
Research Article
June 17, 2024
Slip Resistance Evaluation of 10 Indoor Floor Surfaces
Short Communication
April 26, 2024
Isolation and Characterization of Active Alkaloid Compounds from Cinnamomum Verum Cortexes and Proof of their Medicinal Efficacy against Pathogenic Fungus Alternaria Alternate Causing Upper Respiratory Tract Inflammatory Disease
Research Article
October 22, 2024
The Lukala Cement Plant's Life Cycle Analysis: Towards a More Sustainable Production
Review Article
May 06, 2025
Macrorhabdus ornithogaster-associated Avian Macrorhabdosis: A Narrative Review
Case Report
May 06, 2024
Peritoneal Carcinomatosis from Ovarian Cancer: A Case Report
Research Article
November 06, 2024
Technical & Economic Feasibility Study of Proposed Pump Storage Power Plants at Kuda Oya, Mul Oya, Gurugal Oya, and Dambagasthalawa
Review Article
August 22, 2024
Revisiting Ice Ages Cycles
Research Article
April 23, 2024
LC-MS and HPLC-UV for Detecting Uremic Toxins: Two Validated Methods with Simultaneous Sensitivity and Specificity Evaluation
Letter to Editor
September 19, 2024
Exit Schreiner Collection
Research Article
February 20, 2024
Development of a Mechanical Seal Closed Design Model
Mini Review
February 26, 2024
The University Sector is Converging on Manufacturing in UK
Short Communication
July 11, 2024
Auxological Status of Modern Primary School Students of Nizhny Novgorod Region
Review Article
October 04, 2024
Atmospheric Fungal Spore Injection: A Promising Breakthrough for Challenging the Impacts of Climate Change Through Cloud Seeding and Weather Modification
Research Article
November 22, 2023
Designing a Compact High-precision Positioner with Large Stroke Capability for Nanoindentation Devices
Research Article
March 04, 2025
Preparing for SpaceX Mission to Mars
Review Article
October 10, 2024
Artificial Intelligence & the Capacity for Discrimination: The Imperative Need for Frameworks, Diverse Teams & Human Accountability
Review Article
July 16, 2024
Lattice Boltzmann Method without Invoking the M << 1 Assumption
Research Article
September 03, 2024
The Role of Supplementation in Enhancing Recovery and Endurance among Fitness Trainers
Review Article
February 23, 2024
Analysis of EU Countries’ Capabilities to Achieve Ambitious “Zero Victim” Vision in 2050
Short Communication
January 03, 2025
The Salt and Dust of the Aral Sea Could Turn Central Asia into A Second Sahara
Case Report
April 15, 2024
System for Detecting Moving Objects Using 3D Li-DAR Technology
Review Article
April 07, 2025
A Comprehensive Review of Federated Learning in Cancer Diagnosis and Prognosis Prediction
Research Article
November 16, 2023
The Antioxidant and Antidepressant Properties of Dietary Proteins Derived from Egg and Bean Extracts and Their Acute Toxicity: A Journey from Nutrition to Pharmacognosy
Research Article
July 03, 2024
Contamination in Heat Exchangers: Types, Energy Effects and Prevention Methods
Research Article
June 03, 2024
Current Oscillations and Resonances in Nanocrystals of Narrow-gap Semiconductors
Review Article
February 17, 2025
Multicenter Molecular Integrals over Dirac Wave Functions for Several Fundamental Properties
Mini Review
July 08, 2024
Harnessing Microbes for the Benefit of Man
Editorial
December 09, 2024
Impact of Insect Growth Regulators on Maize Stem Borer: A Recent Research Insight
Research Article
November 04, 2024
Gaussian-Transform for the Dirac Wave Function and its Application to the Multicenter Molecular Integral Over Dirac Wave Functions for Solving the Molecular Matrix Dirac Equation
Mini Review
September 02, 2024
A Case of Facial Erysipelas with Necrosis of the Upper Eyelid
Review Article
November 04, 2024
High Resolution X-ray Diffraction Studies of the Natural Minerals of Gas Hydrates and Occurrence of Mixed Phases
Research Article
August 09, 2024
Use of Augmented Reality as a Radiation-free Alternative in Pain Management Spinal Surgeries
Perspective
July 31, 2024
A New Physical Phenomenon Discovered When Microbiology Meets Surrealism: The Yoshida Effect has the Power to Fuse Bacteria and Nano-Acicular Materials
Mini Review
May 16, 2024
Various Media used to Detoxify Abrus precatorius - A Mini Review
Mini Review
November 29, 2023
The Educational Role of Cinema in Physical Sciences
Mini Review
January 12, 2024
A Capsule Neural Network (CNN) based Hybrid Approach for Identifying Sarcasm in Reddit Dataset
Short Communication
March 09, 2025
Innovative Strategies in the Prevention and Treatment of Peri-implantitis
Research Article
April 18, 2024
Improved Energy Valley Optimizer with Levy Flight for Optimization Problems
Research Article
July 06, 2024
Physical Activity and Lifestyle of Female Students of the Faculty of Health Sciences University of Applied Sciences in Tarnów (Poland)
News Article
January 07, 2025
New HMPV Virus Outbreak: Emerging Concerns and Public Health Implications
Short Communication
October 28, 2024
An Open Letter to the 2022 Winners of the Nobel Prize in Physics
Research Article
May 15, 2024
A Study to Determine the Reason for Lower Pregnancy Rates in Younger Women with Diminished Oocyte Reserve-less Chance of Implanting vs. Fetal Demise
Case Report
February 23, 2024
A Rare Case of Recurrent Vulvovaginal Smooth Muscle Tumor of Uncertain Malignant Potential (STUMP)
Research Article
February 12, 2024
Efficient Room Temperature Ethanol Vapor Sensing by Unique Fractal Features of Tin Oxide
Research Article
February 07, 2024
Lifestyle and Well-being among Portuguese Firefighters
Mini Review
January 30, 2024
Enforcement and Enlargement of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae Endoplasmic Reticulum through Artificial Evocation of the Unfolded Protein Response
Research Article
July 24, 2024
The Influence of Dynamical Downscaling and Boundary Layer Selection on Egypt’s Potential Evapotranspiration using a Calibrated Version of the Hargreaves-samani Equation: RegCM4 Approach
Research Article
October 23, 2024
Correlation between Different Factors of Non-point Source Pollution in Yangtze River Basin
Research Article
November 16, 2023
Federated Learning- Hope and Scope
Short Communication
June 25, 2024
Dimensioning of Splices Using the Magnetic System
Mini Review
December 05, 2023
Roadmap for Renewable Energy Development
Review Article
April 24, 2024
The Dibia in Igbo Traditional Socio-political and Metaphysical Economy: An Interrogation
Research Article
September 03, 2024
Lunar-Derived Propellants for Fueling Mars-Bound Spacecraft in Cis-Lunar Space
Review Article
May 13, 2024
Diagnostic Challenges in Pancreatic Tumors
Research Article
February 21, 2025
Maternal Knowledge and Practices in Caring for Children under Five with Pneumonia: A Cross-Sectional Study in Vietnam
Research Article
February 25, 2025
The Impact of Stress on Periodontal Health: A Biomarker-Based Review of Current Evidence
Case Report
May 02, 2024
Into the Deep: Diving Record for the Dice Snake Natrix tessellata (Laurenti, 1768) in Lake Orta, NW Italy
Review Article
February 12, 2024
Strengthening IoT Network Protocols: A Model Resilient Against Cyber Attacks
Review Article
December 13, 2024
Will SpaceX Send Humans to Mars in 2028?
Research Article
December 27, 2023
Analytical Expressions of the Markov Chain of K-Ras4B Protein within the Catalytic Environment and a New Markov-State Model
Review Article
January 28, 2025
Erosion Corrosion of Commercially Pure Titanium and Ti-6Al-4V Alloy in Sodium Chloride Solutions with and Without Suspended Solids
Research Article
July 09, 2024
Deep Learning-based Multi-class Three-dimensional (3-D) Object Classification using Phase-only Digital Holographic Information
Mini Review
April 22, 2024
The use of FIKR (Facet, Insight, Knowledge, and Resilience) Personality as an Effective Assessment Tool to Select the Best Leadership in an Organization
Research Article
October 09, 2024
Efficacy of Alternative Insecticides against Dusky Cotton Bug (Oxycarenus laetus) to Improve Yield Losses in Cotton Crops through Residue-based Bioassay
Review Article
June 25, 2024
Theoretical Review on Microplastic Pollution: A Multifaceted Threat to Marine Ecosystems, Human Health, and Environment
Research Article
November 16, 2023
Wishful Thinking or Valuable Forecasts? The Value of Policy Rate Predictions in Sweden
Research Article
June 26, 2024
On how Doping with Atoms of Gadolinium and Scandium affects the Surface Structure of Silicon
Research Article
April 16, 2024
Cyber Threat Analysis (CTA) in Current Conflicts
Research Article
June 18, 2024
EB Naevi-like Lesion in Infant Bullous Pemphigoid
Letter to Editor
August 14, 2024
Compatibility Analysis of Frequency Containment Reserve and Load Frequency Control Functions
Mini Review
January 31, 2024
On the Governing Equations for Velocity and Shear Stress of some Magnetohydrodynamic Motions of Rate-type Fluids and their Applications
Mini Review
July 16, 2024
The Power of Artificial Intelligence for Improved Patient Outcomes, Ethical Practices and Overcoming Challenges
Short Communication
July 17, 2024
The Imperative for Modern Public Cloud Providers to Upgrade Their Data Centers
Research Article
January 23, 2025
Sorption-based Spectrophotometric Assay for Lead(II) with Immobilized Azo Ligand
Editorial
July 15, 2024
Machine Learning Applied to Electric Vehicle Routing Problem: Optimizing Costs for a Sustainable Environment
Research Article
June 17, 2024
Potentially Toxic Metals in Cucumber Cucumis sativus Collected from Peninsular Malaysia: A Human Health Risk Assessment
Mini Review
January 17, 2025
The Role of CCL18 in Rheumatoid Arthritis Diseases
Research Article
March 19, 2024
Modeling of an Electric-fired Brick Oven, Directly Heated
Mini Review
November 16, 2023
Climate Changes and Mango Production (Temperature)
Review Article
April 12, 2024
Qualitative Model of Electrical Conductivity of Irradiated Semiconductor
Review Article
February 09, 2024
The Kazakh Language Requires Reform of its Writing
Mini Review
July 05, 2024
From Motor Augmentation to Body Enhancement, the Harmony between Human Body and Artificial Parts
News Article
February 28, 2025
In Biological Research, Single-cell RNA Sequencing Answers the Puzzles around Unusual Cell Types
Mini Review
October 17, 2024
Issues of Manufacturability of Roller Machines
Review Article
September 27, 2024
Use of Extraterrestrial Resources and Recycling Water: Curb Your Enthusiasm
Review Article
January 23, 2025
Preventing Chronic Pain: Solutions to a Public Health Crisis
Research Article
January 18, 2024
Exploring Upper Limb Kinematics in Limited Vision Conditions: Preliminary Insights from 3D Motion Analysis and IMU Data
Review Article
July 15, 2024
The Effect of Stacking Sequence and Ply Orientation with Central Hole on Tensile Behavior of Glass Fiber-polyester Composite
Research Article
July 02, 2024
Assessing Bee (Hymenoptera, Apoidea, Anthophila) Diversity and Floral Preference in Two Habitats in the Iberian Peninsula
Research Article
November 21, 2023
Homologous Series of Chemical Compounds in Three-component Systems (Aa+ – Bb+ – Cc–) and (Zn2+ - Ge4+ - P3-) in Generalized Form
Review Article
May 06, 2024
The Expressivity Dimension of Speech is the basis of the Expression Dimension. Evidence from Behavioural and Neuroimaging Studies
Mini Review
August 19, 2024
Revisit TBCK-A Pseudo Kinase or a True Kinase
Review Article
February 07, 2024
The Conceptual View of the Department of Combat use of Communication Units on the Creation of a Training Game Complex for Training Military Specialists on the Basis of Leadership
Literature Review
September 06, 2024
Risk Contagion Effects of Interconnected Manufacturing Enterprises
Review Article
March 27, 2024
Preventing Rectal Toxicity in Prostate Cancer: Diet and Supplement Alternative to Enemas or Rectal Spacer
Research Article
October 22, 2024
Problem of Surface Waves on Water in Higher School Laboratory Workshop
Opinion
May 13, 2024
The Comprehensive Regeneration Approach as a Framework for Sustainable Development and Biodiversity
Mini Review
July 24, 2024
Analysis of Reliable Transmission Performance Optimization Methods for Satellite-to-Ground Laser Communication Links
Research Article
May 15, 2024
Examining the Causal Connection between Lipid-lowering Medications and Malignant Meningiomas through Drug-target Mendelian Randomization Analysis
Short Communication
October 18, 2024
Quantum Perception and Quantum Computation
Research Article
November 21, 2024
Knowledge Discovery on Artificial Intelligence and Physical Therapy: Document Mining Analysis
Mini Review
June 07, 2024
The Relationship between Energy and Climate Warming
Research Article
February 21, 2024
Effect of Rainfall on Water Parameters in Recreational Lakes in Heidelberg, Germany
Research Article
May 29, 2024
AFM Analysis of Polymeric Membranes Fouling
Research Article
December 30, 2023
Properties of Indium Antimonide Nanocrystals as Nanoelectronic Elements
Editorial
October 23, 2024
Support for the use of Binomial Nomenclature in the Taxonomy of Viruses
Research Article
September 25, 2024
Evaluating Digital Imaging Technologies for Anogenital Injury Documentation in Sexual Assault Cases
Editorial
November 06, 2024
The Intersection of Artificial Intelligence in Public Health and Personalized Cancer Therapy
Research Article
July 05, 2024
A Machine Learning-based Method for COVID-19 and Pneumonia Detection
Review Article
December 21, 2023
Indigenous Environmental Resilience: Decoding Ancient Rozvi Wisdom on Mountain Ecosystems as Disaster Management Solutions
Mini Review
October 24, 2024
How Increased CO2 Warms the Earth-Two Contexts for the Greenhouse Gas Effect
Mini Review
May 08, 2025
A Mini Review on Women’s Health, Focus on Menopause and Metabolic Challenges
Brief Communication
March 25, 2024
Fibrin Contributes to an Improvement of an in vitro Wound Repair Model using Fibroblast-populated Collagen Lattices
Research Article
July 18, 2024
Biomimetic Synthesis of Calcium Carbonate in Bile in the presence of Amino Acids
Research Article
May 16, 2024
Prevalence of Diabetic Retinopathy among Self-reported Newly Diagnosed Diabetics
Case Study
July 06, 2024
Country Risk to Face Global Emergencies: Negative Effects of High Public Debt on Health Expenditures and Fatality Rate in COVID-19 Pandemic Crisis
Mini Review
December 11, 2023
Deep Semantic Segmentation New Model of Natural and Medical Images
Case Report
October 18, 2024
A Rare Entity of Idiopathic Clitoromegaly with HBsAg Positive Status Managed with Dorsal Nerve Sparing Clitoroplasty
Research Article
April 09, 2024
Application of Virtual Reality (VR) in Facility Management Competency-based Training (CBT) in the Era of Industrie 5.0
Mini Review
April 15, 2024
Analysis of Damages to Boiler Screen Tubes BKZ-160-100-GM (Barnaul Boiler Plant, steam productivity 160 t/h, pressure 100 kgf/cm2, Fuel: Natural Gas/Fuel Oil) after Reconstruction for Increased Steam Productivity to 210 t/h
Mini Review
January 10, 2024
The policy development and current situation of information technology education in Taiwan
Research Article
July 10, 2024
DNA Genetics and UHPLC-Q-TOF-MS Analysis of Phytochemicals for Asparagus racemosus Roots
Review Article
October 29, 2024
Boundary Value Problems in Ellipsoidal Geometry and Applications
Review Article
December 15, 2023
Fred Vlès – Early Holistic Biophysicist and Pioneer of “Earthing”
Mini Review
January 25, 2024
Association and New Therapy Perspectives in Post-Stroke Aphasia with Hand Motor Dysfunction
Research Article
June 28, 2024
Modeling of Cr3+ doped Cassiterite (SnO2) Single Crystals
Review Article
May 08, 2024
New Scientific Field for Modelling Complex Dynamical Systems: The Cybernetics Artificial Intelligence (CAI)
Short Communication
April 02, 2024
Comments to Megascopic Quantum Phenomena
Review Article
November 28, 2024
Nanorobots in Medicine: Advancing Healthcare through Molecular Engineering: A Comprehensive Review
Review Article
July 25, 2024
A Study of Multi-Pose Effects On a Face Recognition System
Published: April 15, 2025 (55d)
Review Article
Revisiting 2,000 Years of Climate Change (Bad Science and the “Hockey Stick”)
Near the turn of the 21st century, several climate scientists believed that rising CO2 was the cause of observed warming and sought to support this by showing that excursions in the Earth temperature were small for the past 2,000 years, with a sudden increase in the 20st century at the same time period when CO2 emissions increased (a so-called “hockey stick” shape to the temperature vs. time plot). To do this, they employed a large number of proxies (such as tree rings) to estimate the Earth’s temperature over the last 2,000 years. Each proxy was compared to the measured temperature during the calibration period (the 20st century), and this relationship was used to convert up to 2,000 years of proxy measurements to estimated temperature. A sophisticated algorithm was used to process the large amount of data from multiple proxies into a yearly average temperature for up to 2,000 years. Unfortunately, they made several mistakes in the statistical analysis, one of which produced a significant statistical error. This error, in which they standardized the data against the mean during the calibration period (rather than the entire data set) had the effect of almost ignoring most of the proxies, while heavily weighting those few with an increase in the 20st century – thus artificially producing a hockey stick form to the plot of temperature vs. time. In addition, the innate merit of many proxies is dubious. The climate scientists involved appeared to ignore valid criticisms from outside their peer group, and they continued to claim the hockey stick result. Climate scientists also vigorously opposed any suggestion that factors other than CO2 also affected the climate. Climate scientists introduced elements of political influence into scientific discourse by actions such as loading up a thin paper with a large number of authors – publishing votes of confidence rather than scientific results.
